英语改错的一些方法，原则，技巧

英语改错的一些方法，原则，技巧

一、试题特征 设错类型分两大类：语法错误和逻辑错误，语法错误包括词法错误和句法错误。错词现象主要出现在名词单复数、动词时态、非谓语谨神动词绝晌旁、连词、介词、主谓一致、代词、词形（指应该用动词、名词还是形容问形式，以及平行结构中词的正确形式）、冠词。缺词现象主要出现在冠词（名词前）、介词（不及物动词后或固定结构中）、助动词、不定式符号to,连词、语义不完整现象等方面。多词现象主要出现在冠词、介词、助动词、连词、语义重复及行文逻辑等方面。下表为近两年高考短文改错词法设置的主要考点： 二、解题思路（一）注意英语词汇的曲折变化从历年高考短文改错的命题看，考查英语的曲折附加成份占有相当大的比例。所谓曲折变化即是各种词形的变化，并橡它是拼音文字特有的表现形式，如：动词的曲折变化，名词的曲折变化，代词的曲折变化，形容词副词的曲折变化等，而汉语则无这种变化。因此在复习时，应充分了解各种词性的曲折变化，针对性地进行专门训练。 1．考查英语动词多变的外在形式，包括时态的曲折变化、现在第三人称单数、被动语态的曲折变化、非谓语动词的曲折变化等。 A．非谓语动词错误 1) I am looking forward to see all of you again in the near future! (NMET 2005福建) 析：see改为seeing。look forward to 中to为介词，后接动名词。 2) I may just listen to music; I have some records giving to me as birthday gifts. (NMET2004全国卷II) 析：giving改为given,过去分词做定语。 3) In other words, they help to keep people strong and feel good (NMET 2005湖北) 析：feel改为feeling,考查keep sb. doing 4) I found a small house standing in a field with a light shone from the sitting room (NMET2005江西) 析：shone改为shining。"with＋名词＋现在分词”构成的复合结构。 B. 时态错误 1)Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become strangers at once. (NMET2004) 析：talked改为talk，由后半句可知。 2) I will write again and send you the photos we take together. (NMET 2005) 析：take改为took C. 语态错误 1) When one student does so, much larger values are destroying. (NMET2005重庆) 析：destroying改为destroyed。 2) After the drive, it was cost just over $ 2 to put the car back into perfect cond至t至on.(NMET 2005安徽) 析：去掉was。此处cost不用被动语态。 2.考查英语名词的单复数变化 1) And I came to understand that knowledge, could change my life (NMET 2005辽宁） 析：knowledge,改为knowledge. 2) I used to love science class-all of them biology, chemistry, geography, physics. (NMET2001春季) 析：class改为 classes，山后半句可知。 3．考查英语代词的变化 1) I felt very pleased with me. (NMET 2005天津） 析：me改为myself. 2) This is not surprising that the Silver Ghost was regarded "the best car in theworld".（NMET 2005安徽） 析：This改为It, it代替that从句。 4．考查比较形容词、副词的变化 1) It is real a good chance to have met all of you here. (NMET 2005福建） 析：real改为really. 2) It is dishonest and foolishly to help or to ask help from others. (NMET 2005重庆) 析：foolishly改为foolish。 3) (After learning the basics of the subject,) nothing else seemed very practically to me. (NMET 2001春季) 析：practically改为practical，形容词作表语。 5. 考查词性、词形误用。不同的句法功能要求使用与之相适应的词性、词形。 1) There have been reports in Americaabout people trying to steal person information for bad purposes. (NMET2004卷III) 析：person改为personal,形容词做定语。 2) Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience. (NMET1998) 析：important改为importance。 3) I would describe myself as shy and quietly.(NMFT 2001) 析：quietly改为quiet, describe... as后用形容词。 （二）考查短文中的行文逻辑错误 针对此类试题，考生必须对全文整体理解并根据上下文，才能发现问题所在。考生要根据前后文的选择、因果等其他关系确定使用适当的连词。同时不要忽视and—but;and—or;not对于整个句意的逻辑关系所造成的根本变化，这也是命题的惯用手法。例如： 1) We liked the dishes you bad cooked but we were happy to learn the English songs youtaught us. ( NMET2007,山东) 析：but改为and。上下文为并列关系。 2)Unfortunately, I won't be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon. (NMET 2001) 析：although改为as because. 上下文为因果关系。 3) He told me that I'd probably have a heart attack while I started eating less. (NMET2005广东) 析：while改为unless. 4) First, let me tell you something more about myself. (NMET1997 ) 析：去掉more，more与句首first逻辑不符。 （三）短文改错中的一致现象 短文改错中所涉及的一致关系主要包括主谓一致，即谓语动词的单、复数形式要与句子主语保持一致；时态一致，即句中谓语动词的时态要与该句中的时间状语或上下文乃至全文的时态保持一致；代词指代一致，即代词所指代的内容要与该先行词在性和数方面以及要与其自身的指代在意义上保持一致。例如： 1．代词指代一致 l) Somestudents may also save up for our college or future use. (NMET 2005) 析：our改为their。主语为some students。 2) More people start a stamp collection of your own (and discover an interest which caneven last a lifetime). (NMET 2004浙江) 析：your改为their，注意代词和主语的一致。 2.主谓一致 1) Having fun with their friends make them happy. (NMET 2005湖北) 析：make改为makes,动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。 2) I did a good job and won the first prize. Now my picture and the prize is hanging inthe library. (NMET 2000) 析：由and连接两个并列成分，如果不是指同一个人或物，或一体性的物如knifeand fork等，谓语动词要用复数形式。故将is改为are。 3．时态一致 1) They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to mystudies so that I'll get goal marks in all my subjects. (NMET2001) 析：根据全文时态，应将did改为do。 2) During the World Cup in 2002. my dad stays up late just to watch his favorite sport.(NMET 2005浙江) 析：stays改为stayed。 （四）注意短文改错中的平行结构现象 平行结沟是指两个或更多的词、词组或从句具有相似或相等的句法功能。在表达相互平行的概念时．要使用相同的语法结构，即动词与动词相配，形容词与形容词相配，分词与分词相配，不定式与不定式相配，短语与短语相配。平行结构经常借助于并列连词and,but，or或连词词组not only...but also... , not... but...，either... or...，neither...nor...，as well as等。例如： 1) I still remember going there early and felt anxious about the new world. (NMET 2005辽宁)析：felt改为feeling,和going并列。 2) We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. (NMET 2005江苏)析：keep，改为kept,和named并列。 （五）“画龙还须点睛”......短文改错中的缺词错误分析 1．缺系动词 I'd like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country. (NMET 1997) 析：like to后加be. 2．缺介词 But I have spent most my money, so I cannot even go out of town. (NMET 2004) 析：my前加of。 3．缺冠词、物主代词等限定词 1) I hope you've had pleasant journey home. (NMET 2005) 析：pleasant前加a. 2) Ten minutes later, the firemen came and put out fire. (NMET 2001) 析：fire前加the, 4.在定语从句中缺关系代词或关系副词 People do not know each other often become friends after they have played together. (NMET 1990) 析：people后加who，此句缺少定语从句引导词。 5. 缺连接词 I told Mother. Father, Sister, all my friends（here what a great time I had）. (NMET 1995) 析：all前加and,最后两个并列成份之间要用并列连词。 6．缺否定词 He is a kind-hearted man and he will refuse to help others at any time. 析：Will后应加not,根据逻辑可知。 7. 缺不定式符号to My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure that I get a goodeducation. (NMET2001) 析：make前加to。不定式表示目的。 8．缺少助动词 Why you think so tinny people still suffer from poverty now? (NMLT 2001广东) 析：Why后加do。 （六）“画蛇何须添足”......短文改错中的多词错误分析1.受母语思维影响，出现汉语式结构，造成冗言冗言错误的形成主要来自汉英差异的模糊。对英语惯用语在使用上的细微差异缺乏了解。主要考查程度副词和频率副词，如much,more，often等的多余；同意的重复现象；句子结构中多余的词以及由于受汉语的影响，多用了某些词语等。例如： 1) Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher. (NMET 2000) 析：去掉often,因为whenever表示“无论什么时候”，若用often显得重复。 2) I'll spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it. (NMET 2000春季) 析：all与the whole重复。只能保留一处，由于此处不表示特指，故只能去掉all。 3) Clever as she is, but she works very hard．(NMET 2004福建) 析：去掉but前一句是让步状语从句。 2．不明词义内涵，造成词义重叠 1) I was a few miles far away from anywhere on a cold, wet night. (NMET 2005江西) 析：去掉far, far和a few miles语义重复。 2) All of us were sitting around the fire in the living room, listening to one of grandma'sbest favourite stories. 析：去掉best或favorite, best意为“最好的”, favorite意为“最喜欢的”，语义重复，所以只保留其中的一个。 3．多介词 1) Will you join in the tourist group organized by our school? ( NMET 2005山东) 析：去掉in。 2) But for the most wonderful thing about Jack was his musical ability. (NMET 2005江苏) 析：去掉for。 3) I won't be able to come in this time. (NMET 2000北京春季) 析：去掉in。作状语的时间名词前有this,that, these, those, one, all, next, last, tomorrow, yesterday, any, some, every, each等修饰时，其前不能使用介词。 4．多冠词 We have made a great progress. (NMET 2005福建) 析：去掉a, progress不可数。 5．定语从句中的成分重复 1) There are a lot of things I haven't time to do them. 析：去掉them, them和被省略的定语从句引导词重复。 2) He has made a great discovery which I think it is of great importance to science. 析：去掉it, it和which重复。 6. 固定搭配中多限定词 1) Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. (NMET 2000) 析：去掉a，句中是固定搭配，表示“（忽然）看见”。 2) …in any other words, I am an only child. (NMET2001) 析：去掉any, in other words为固定搭配，意为“换句话说”。 7．多不定式符号to Some students may also to save up for their colleges or future use. (NMET 2005) 析：去掉to，情态动词后用动词原型 8．形容词副词前多修饰语 Both the diet and the exercise will help me to lose weight and feel more better. (NMET2005广东) 析：more改为much。more不能用来修饰better。 三、短文改错题的解题策略 （一）解题步骤 l.通读全文，掌握大意 短文改错不同于单句改错，它涉及行文逻辑及句子与句子间必要的联系错误。单独看可能是对的，但从整体看却与上下文不符。做短文改错时应该树立整体意识，应从短文整体入手，短文改错实际上间接地考查考生的文意理解和纠错能力，所以考生必须在阅读并且在理解文章的基础上去发现并改正错误。因此，事先应该先快速粗读一遍短文，留心文中关键的词句，把握文章的大意及上下文之间的联系，为下一步判断和改错奠定基础。 2．整句理解，逐行分析。 因为短文改错题的特征是分行设置错误的，而不是以句子为一个单位设置错误。考生在进行改错时必须在通读全文的基础上，对照上下文逐行逐字细读，分行判断理清句意，找出上下文之间的内在联系及其行文逻辑关系，推断字里行问的含义，检查句子的结构是否完整，语气是否连贯等。在细读全文时，抓住短文改错的规律，分析要以句子为理解单位，挖掘错误却要以行为单位。总之，在分析句子过程中，考生应对每句话的句子成分进行分析，根据上文讲的错误类型确定正确答案。 3．复读全文，检查核对 回头重读全文验证答案，将初步改错的短文再次细读，检查并验证所做的答案是否能使语气贯通流畅，行文逻辑发展是否合乎情理，语篇结构是否严密完整。在复读检查过程中，既要看清词和句子，更要注意整体的逻辑关系，特别是上下文的联系，既要重视文字、句子的字面意思，又要弄清文字段落的内在含义和内在逻辑关系及篇章结构。还要特别留意文章的意思是否连贯通顺，是否符合逻辑。 （二）须注意的问题 1.在训练和考试中要严格按照题例要求和解题说明，用规定的符号去改错。不要用文字去说明或用箭头去表示，更不能随意在原题中乱划。 2．注意一些改错原则1)标点符号不改。2)词序错误不变。3)大小写不改。4)改错只能是一一对应，不能把两个或更多的词改为一个词。5)必须用相近或相反的词更换名词或动词等实词。 3．在平时高三复习过程中，要系统掌握英语语法知识，并能正确运用。注意收集平时易犯错误，重视归纳总结，熟悉错误类型。短文改错与书面表达的训练要相互渗透。在写作时，要注意培养自己的纠错能力。考题中的错误五花八门，但只要有了一定的水平，什么样的试题都能应付。所以练习短文改错时，应尽量从正面入手，牢牢掌握正确的规则。